Topic marker: 은/는

We learned about subject marker 이/가 and object marker 을/를. Examples are

1. 제프가 닭볶음을 먹었어요(ate).

Sometimes, we want to emphasize the subject or the object. In such situation, we can use a topic marker, 은 or 는. Like the other markers, "은" comes after words with 받침, "는" comes after words without 받침.

The sentence 1 means Jeff ate 닭볶음. Let's add more to the situation. There were Hyo and Jeff, and they both were supposed to eat 닭볶음, but only Jeff did. Later mom comes and asks if both ate. Then someone who saw that will tell mom

제프는 먹었어요.

This sentence emphasizes that it was Jeff who ate. (not Hyo)

Let's change the situation slightly. There were 닭볶음 and 미역(seaweed)국(soup) to eat. And Jeff only ate 닭볶음, not 미역국. And mom comes later and asks if he ate both. Then she will hear the following answer:

닭볶음은 먹었어요.

Again, it emphasizes that it was 닭볶음 what he ate.

https://quizlet.com/_1wwynz

Review 1

The following dialogue is made out of what we have learned this week. Let's translate and memorize.

A: 잘 먹겠습니다.

B: 맛있게 드세요.

A: 이거 뭐예요?

B: 닭볶음이에요.

A: 닭볶음이 맛있어요. 저거 김치찌개예요?

B: 그거 김치찌개 아니에요. 된장찌개예요. 된장찌개가 맛없어요. 닭볶음을 드세요.

A: 잘 먹었습니다.

https://quizlet.com/_1wx0xl

Object marker - 을 / 를

Object marker - 을 / 를

Similarly, object needs an object marker. There are two object markers; 을 and 를.

• ~을

제프는 닭볶음을 먹었어요(ate). : Jeff ate dakbokkum.

When the object has a 받침, like 닭볶음, "을" is added to the end to mark that the word is the object of the sentence.

• 를

효정이는 사과(apple)를 먹었어요(ate). : Hyojeong ate an apple.

Likewise, when the object does not have a 받침, like 사과, "를" is added to the end to mark that the word is the object of the sentence.

A helpful tip for picking the right marker: when there's a 받침, the following marker's 초성(starting consonant) is "ㅇ" which is silent.

- 선생님이
- 닭볶음을

- 엄마가
- 사과를

https://quizlet.com/_1w68as

subject markers and object markers - 이/가 and 을/를

Subject marker - 이 / 가

In Korean, subject is often omitted and word reordering is not too uncommon. When a subject is not omitted, it brings a marker to show that it is a subject. There are two subject markers; 이 and 가. What to use is decided by the ending consonant of the preceding word.

• ~가

엄마(mom)가 왔어요(came): Mom came.

엄마, the subject and the preceding word, does not have 받침(the ending consonant). In that case 가 is added to the word "엄마" to mark that the word "엄마" is the subject of the sentence.

• ~이

 책(book)이 좋아요(good): The book is good.

책, on the other hand, has 받침. In that case, "이" is added to the word "책" to mark that "책" is the subject of the sentence.

• ~이가

There is an exception in choosing between 이/가. In colloquial sentences, when the subject is name of a person and has a 받침, we use "이가" instead of "이".


제프가 왔어요.
준하가 왔어요.
효정이가 왔어요. (instead of 효정이 왔어요.)
민정이가 왔어요.
민용이가 왔어요.

This exception only applies when the subject is a person's name.

선생님(teacher)이 왔어요 (O)
선생님이가 왔어요 (X)

https://quizlet.com/_1w65pw

I'll eat well / I ate well - 잘 먹겠습니다 / 잘 먹었습니다.

In Korea, people express gratitude for food in a specific way.

• 잘(well) 먹겠습니다 (존댓말: polite)

Meaning: I will eat well.

You say this before the meal. 

반말(casual): 잘 먹을게.

• 잘 먹었습니다 (존댓말: polite)

Meaning: I ate well.

You say this after the meal.

반말(casual): 잘 먹었어.

To say if the food was good or bad, you can say the following:

• 맛(taste) 있어요

Meaning: It tastes good.

The literal translation would be "taste exists".

• 맛(taste) 없어요

Meaning: It tastes bad.

The literal translation would be "taste does not exists".

One could offer to enjoy a meal in the following way:

• 맛있게 드세요(eat).

드세요 is similar to 먹어요, however, when you offer, 드세요 is more common.

https://quizlet.com/_1w3sz6

is/am/are not: 아니에요

We learned how to say "It is a book", or "I am Jeff". To make negatives, you can use 아니에요.

• 아니에요

meaning: be not, 존댓말(polite)
반말(Casual): 아니야.
아니에요 and 아니야 are colloquial polite form.
Formal polite form is 아닙니다 and formal casual form is 아니다.

Examples.

1. 아니에요: It is not.
   As subject is omitted, whatever something in the context can be negated.
2. 책(book) 아니에요
3. 책상(desk) 아니에요
4. 이거(this) 아니에요
5. 효정 아니에요
6. 제프 아니에요
7. 식탁(dining table) 아니에요

A: 저(that) 사람(person) 제프에요? (Is that person Jeff?)
B: 아니에요

A: 저(that) 사람(person) 제프에요? (Is that person Jeff?)
B: 제프 아니에요

https://quizlet.com/_1w033i

This,that,it,the - 이/그/저

"This","that","it" and "the" in English are approximately similar to 이, 그, and 저 in Korean. But there are many differences and they do not have 1:1 mapping.

First of all, in English, “this”(roughly equivalent to "이"), “that”(roughly equivalent to "저", sometimes "그") can be used independently as a pronoun or with other words. In Korean, however, 이/그/저 are rarely used by themselves. In everyday conversation, you would never use them alone.

The meaning and usage of 이/그/저 are following:

• 이 : this

이 is very similar to "this" in English.

This book is good : 이 책 좋아요.

• 그 : the / that

Korean language does not have articles. However, when "the" is used as a definite article (usage 10 in http://www.englishpage.com/articles/a-an-vs-the.htm), i.e., when talking about something which is already known to the listener or which has been previously mentioned, introduced, or discussed,  "그" can be used to achieve the same goal.

For example, if the listener mentioned about a book and asks your opinion, you can say

그 책 좋아요.: The book is good.

On the other hand, 그 can mean "that", if the referred object is near to the listener.

For example, if the listener brought a book and you feel curious about it, you can say

그 책 뭐에요?: What is that book?

• 저 : that (over there)

If you want to refer something that is far from you, you can use "저".

For example, if the listener asked you where you found some specific information and you got it from a book which is on the table that is visible but somewhat far, you can say

저 책. (that book over there).

• 거(thing)

Since 이, 그, and 저 in Korean can only work as modifiers, when you want to say ‘this’ ‘that’ or ‘it’ as pronouns, you have to add the word 거(thing) after these words.

Therefore,
이(this) + 거 = 이거 : this thing, this item, this one
그(the,that) + 거 = 그거 : the thing, the item, that one, it 
저(the, that, that ... over there) + 거 = 저거 : that thing over there

Notice that 그거 also means "it".

거(thing) can be also written or spoken as 것. The meaning is the same and it only makes pronunciation difference. Sometimes 것 can be more natural, but remembering 것 = 거 should be enough for now.

이거 = 이것
그거 = 그것
저거 = 저것

You can form various expressions using 이, 그, or 저 along with other words. For example, if 이/그/저 refers a person, instead of an object, you add 분(polite) or 사람(casual)

이 사람 / 이 분: this person
그 사람 / 그 분: that/the person
저 사람 / 저 분: that person, that person over there

https://quizlet.com/88721317/